What Is a Republic vs a Democracy Understanding the Difference

What Is a Republic vs a Democracy Understanding the Difference SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you look closely at the United States Pledge of Allegiance, you’ll see that it calls the United States a republic. It reads: "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.† So what does that mean, exactly? Can the United States be both a democracy and a republic? And what is the difference between a democracy and republic, anyway? As it turns out, there are subtle, but important, differences between a democracy and a republic, and that the definitions aren’t mutually exclusive. In other words, it’s complicated. But don’t worry! Knowing the differences between a republic vs a democracy is important for tons of AP exams, including both history tests (U.S. and world) and both government and politics tests (U.S. and comparative). That’s why we’ve put this guide together for you. By the end of this article, you’ll know the definitions of a democracy and a republic, how they operate, the differences between them, and where the United States fits into the discussion. So let’s get started! What Is a Democracy? The term â€Å"democracy† comes from the combination of two Greek words: â€Å"demos,† meaning â€Å"the people,† and â€Å"kratia,† which means â€Å"power or authority.† Thus, a democracy refers to a type of government where the power to govern rests with a country’s people rather than a ruling family (a monarchy) or a single individual (totalitarianism). That means that citizens control how their government operates, usually through voting. The Origins of Democracy The term â€Å"democracy† first pops up in the 5th century BCE to refer to the government in Athens, Greece. Between 508 BCE and 322 BCE, Athenians governed themselves in what is now referred to as a pure democracy. (Don’t worry...we’ll go into that a little later.) Ancient Athenians didn’t have anyone to represent them in government; instead, everyone had a voice- literally. Debates on topics of governance were held publicly in what was referred to as The Athenian Assembly, and every male Athenian citizen had individual voting rights. Not only that, but qualified citizens were given time off of work and a stipend to help make sure every voice was heard! Through the Assembly, every voice could weigh in on every issue, and all laws and rules of governance were established based on majority rule. While this type of democracy would eventually be replaced by a more representative form of government, the underlying idea- that government works best when it's run by its citizens- would go on to influence the governance of most of the Western world, including the United States. The 3 Major Types of Democracies With growing populations and more complex systems of government, the Athenian method of one voice, one vote doesn’t always work. So as the world has changed, democracy has changed with it. Here are the three major types of democracies seen in the world today. Direct Democracy Also known as pure democracy, direct democracy is democracy in its most basic form. Just like the Athenians at the Assembly, direct democracy lets each qualified individual shape policy by casting a direct vote. In other words, citizens are directly involved in the political process! In this system, political decisions are made based on what the majority of voters decide. Each qualified person casts a vote, and the category with the most number of votes wins. The benefits to a direct democracy are that it lets each person, regardless of class, race, or economic position have a voice. However, in practice, direct democracies often exclude certain groups. For instance, in ancient Athens, only male citizens had the right to participate in direct democracy. Women, criminals, and slaves- even though they were subject to Athens’ laws and policies- were denied a voice. Additionally, direct democracy doesn’t always work well on a large scale. That’s because there are an overwhelming number of decisions that need to be made to keep governments running. Examples of Direct Democracy in Action Because direct democracy can be unwieldy on the national level, there are few countries that use it as a primary governmental system. But that doesn’t mean direct democracy doesn’t exist anymore! Here are some examples of where you can see direct democracy in action. Switzerland: Switzerland, a country of roughly 8.2 million people, uses direct democracy to run its local, regional, and federal governments. Every citizen over the age of 18 weighs in on how the country should be run, and because votes are so important, they are held four times a year and scheduled decades in advance. Also, as a direct democracy Switzerland lacks an elected Head of State. Instead, the country has a Federal Council which is elected by the Federal Assembly (which works like the Athenian Assembly) every four years. Each year, a new person from the Federal Council is elected to serve as president! Local Elections in the U.S.: Because the populations are much smaller, local, municipal, and county elections often rely on direct democracy to make sure government is serving the will of the people. Local laws and referendums are often put up for a majority vote where every vote counts. State Elections in the U.S.: Fourteen states allow citizens to design legislation and put it up for a vote through what are called ballot initiatives. Each state lets an individual citizen create a ballot initiative, and if it gets enough signatures via petition, it gets put on a statewide ballot where it passes by majority vote. The catch? In order to go on the ballot, each initiative must be ruled constitutional by the state courts, too! Representative Democracy The second type of democracy is a representative democracy (sometimes called indirect democracy). In this system of government, certain individuals are elected to represent the will of the people. These people, often referred to as elected officials, are chosen to vote on behalf of a specific group of citizens. These groups can be defined in many ways. Sometimes people are grouped by neighborhood, by city, by county, or even by province or state. The idea behind a representative democracy is to streamline the process of government. Because elections where everyone weighs in are logistically difficult, having a small number of people representing the desires of the majority allow for much faster decision making. This is especially important when governments are representing a large number of people, and it’s one of the reasons why many federal governments use indirect democracy to operate. But representative democracy comes with drawbacks, too. One of the biggest problems is that in most cases, representatives aren’t required (by law, constitution, etc.) to actually represent the will of their constituents. They’re able to make their own decisions, which can mean that elected officials are more prone to corruption. Additionally, there’s the problem of the vocal minority. Have you ever heard the term, â€Å"the squeaky wheel gets the grease†? It just means that the people who complain the loudest are often the ones who get the most attention. So sometimes a few people who complain loudly are mistaken for representing the majority of their community. Examples of Representational Democracy in Action Because representational democracy works best on a larger scale, most Western governments operate this way (if the country is democratic, of course). Here are a few examples of representational democracy in action. The U.S. Legislature: The U.S. Legislature is a federal representational government, meaning that the representatives who serve create laws that apply to the entirety of the United States. The legislative branch is split into two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. In the Senate, each state elects two people to represent their interests on the national level. In the House of Representatives, the number of representatives from each state is determined by population, so bigger states have more representatives. In both cases, all the representatives are elected by majority vote in their respective states. (Note: this is different than other representative democracies, like the United Kingdom parliament, where one house is elected and the other house is appointed by the Prime Minister or President.) U.S. State Legislatures: U.S. state legislatures work exactly like the federal legislature, only on a smaller scale. Each state has both a senate and a house of representatives, and the state’s residents elect representatives based on the districts they live in. This allows each state’s residents to have a say in how their state is governed. The Canadian Government: Like the United States, Canada holds popular elections where a handful of representatives are chosen to represent the citizenry at both the provincial and the national level. The elected officials serve in The House of Commons, which is similar to Congress in the United States. Each of Canada’s 10 provinces are also representative democracies where elected officials represent the will of their province’s citizens. Constitutional Democracy A constitutional democracy is the third major type of democracy in operation today. Constitutional democracies are characterized by having structures in place that limit the power of the majority. Put another way, constitutional democracies have constitutions or other governing documents that help regulate the power of those elected to office. To do this, constitutional democracies function based on a combination of democratic principles and the rule of law. The nation’s constitution serves as the highest form of law and outlines people’s rights as well as what the government can and can’t do. (You might say that the constitution puts limits on the government’s power in order to protect citizens freedom.) As a result, a constitutional democracy government must both uphold the constitution and still represent the will of its people. The benefit of a constitutional democracy is that it gives a country a set of principles to use as a guide for all other decisions. It also protects the citizens by guaranteeing them a certain set of rights. (For the United States, that’s â€Å"Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.†) However, a constitutional democracy also limits an individual citizen’s ability to participate in government since there are strict legal parameters around what people can and can’t do. Additionally, constitutions are very hard to change. In the United States, it takes a two-thirds majority vote in Congress or a constitutional convention (or joint meeting) called for by two-thirds of the states’ governments in order to amend the Constitution! That can be a big problem, especially when aspects of the Constitution are out of date. (Check out the 13th Amendment, which prohibits slavery, or the 19th Amendment, which gives women the right to vote, to see this in action.) Examples of Constitutional Democracy in Action Constitutional democracies are a popular form of democracy around the world. We’ll talk about a few countries that use constitutional democracy below, but if you’re interested in a full list, you can find that here. The United States: Of course, the United States relies on the Constitution and the Bill of Rights to create all new legislation. It’s the job of the judicial branch- including the Supreme Court- to determine whether new laws violate the Constitution or Americans’ constitutional rights. In fact, did you know can go to school to study constitutional law? You can! Check out the Constitutional Law Reporter to learn more about how constitutional law is practiced in America today. Germany: After World War II, Germany was split into essentially two different countries, East Germany and West Germany. When West Germany was set up by the Allies, it was formed as a constitutional democracy. It wasn’t until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1991 that Germany was unified under a single constitution. Mexico: The United States’ southern neighbor is also a constitutional democracy. The Constitution of Mexico, which was ratified in 1917, was the first constitution in the world to create guidelines for social rights for its citizens, like a right to an education. (Remember: the United States initially did this through the Bill of Rights, which are the first ten amendments to the Constitution.) But Wait...Can a Country Be More Than One Type of Democracy? As you were reading through this section, you probably realized that the United States, along with many other countries, fall into more than one democratic category. That’s because a democratic country can use more than one type of democracy to run its government. For instance, a city can use direct democracy to vote in new laws and select state and federal representatives. Those representatives then participate in representative democracy, where they speak- and vote!- on behalf of their constituents. And finally, all of these actions- policy decisions, government structure, citizens’ rights, and the creation of new laws- are governed by the constitution. That means the United States is a constitutional democracy as well. This is possible because all democracies, regardless of their organizational structure, operate on a shared set of principles. Let’s take a closer look at those now. Voting is a key component of democracy Characteristics of Democracies Beyond just structure, democracies are also characterized by a shared ideology, or system of beliefs. According to Larry Diamond, a professor at Stanford and one of the foremost scholars in democracy studies, democracies have four foundational characteristics. We’ll talk about each principle in more depth below. #1: Free and Fair Elections In order to make sure that people’s voices are being heard accurately, democracies have to ensure that all voting processes are â€Å"free and fair.† But what does that mean? In order for an election to be â€Å"free and fair,† it has to be administered in a way that allows its citizens to vote and treats all political parties and candidates equally. That means the process 1) needs to be accessible to everyone who meets voting qualifications and 2) as unbiased as possible. Furthermore, in order to be as fair, these elections need to occur at a regular interval. If elections are only happening every two decades, that denies people the ability to make their voices heard! Free and fair elections are important to democracy because the voting process is the way that citizens voice their opinions and, in representative forms of government, choose the people who will represent them in higher levels of government. It also puts an important check on power. If representatives are coming up for reelection regularly, it puts pressure on them to vote in line with their constituents. Otherwise they could lose their position during the next voting cycle. #2: Citizen Participation In order for democracy to function, its citizens have to participate in the process of government. That means people have to run for office, create ballot initiatives, petition for laws and causes they believe in, and vote. Remember that the term â€Å"democracy† means that the power to rule belongs to the people. Only by exercising that power can a nation’s citizens ensure that their will is reflected in the country’s laws and structures. It’s also important that in a democracy, all citizens are given an equal right to participate regardless of where they live, what they do for work, or what culture they come from. If civic participation is limited to a certain class or race, the system becomes an oligarchy instead. (In oligarchies, a small group of unelected people hold all the governing power.) When everyone has a chance to participate, it ensures that the government accurately reflects the populace, that minority populations have a voice, and that new laws are fair for everyone. #3: Protection of Citizens’ Human Rights Perhaps most notably, democracies believe in freedom. Citizens should have the right to express their opinions and participate in democracy without fear or intimidation. Not only do democratic societies believe that creates a better life for its citizens, it also helps keep governmental power in check. If people can freely- but peacefully- express their opinions, it makes it clear when elected representatives aren’t listening to the will of the people. Even more importantly, democracies believe in the protection of people’s basic human rights. In the United States, these are outlined in the Bill of Rights, and they include the right to free speech, the right to bear arms, protection from the illegal seizure of property, and the right to a trial by jury. (Not familiar with the Bill of Rights? The Bill of Rights Institute breaks it down for you!) In other words, democracies guarantee fundamental protections to individual citizens which allows them to live in safety, freedom, and peace. #4: Equal Rule of Law Finally, the last thing all systems of democracy have in common is the rule of law. According to Dr. Diamond, the rule of law is fundamentally important to democracy because it protects the rights of citizens, maintains order, and limits the power of government. In other words, if elections are how citizens make their voices heard, then laws are the ways that citizens’ desires are enforced. It’s pretty clear how laws work in a constitutional or representative form of democracy. In a constitutional democracy, the constitution itself lays out some fundamental laws, and no other legislation can violate them. In a representational democracy, laws are created by the elected officials in order to make sure that their constituents’ concerns are being addressed. But what about a direct democracy where everyone has a voice? Well, even in ancient Athens, the oldest direct democracy, had laws to help govern the city-state. The whole point of The Assembly was to create new policies and laws that the majority of people could agree on, and those policies would govern the entire populace! Laws, then, are a tool people can use to make sure the ideals of democracy- like freedom and basic human rights- are maintained. Nick Youngson/Alpha Stock Images What Is a Republic? Whew! Now you know a lot about how democracies function and their core ideals. Now it’s time to look at a republic vs. a democracy. How are they different? Well, the answer is a little bit complicated. The term â€Å"republic† comes from theGreek word politeia, which means the â€Å"rights of citizens.† (It also comes from the Latin res publica, which means â€Å"public affair.†) In modern English, a republic is a government system where the power rests with a nation’s citizens. To do this, republics use elected officials to represent the will of their citizens within the government. In other words, republics rely on a representational form of government, just like the representational democracies we talked about earlier! Additionally, in order for a country to qualify as a republic, its head of state has to be an elected official. That means that while countries like France and Germany- which have elected presidents as heads of state- are republics. Countries with a monarch as the head of state, like Canada and the United Kingdom, are not. So to summarize: a republic is a form of government where the power a) rests with the people, b) is exercised through representative government, and c) has an elected head of state. The Origins of Republics While many ancient states were republics, one of the most notable was the Roman Republic that existed between 500 BCE and 27 BCE. During this time, Rome had expanded to encompass most of modern-day Europe along with parts of Asia and Africa. That meant that Rome was home to many different cultures, and its citizens spoke 21 different languages! This time period also marked Rome’s switch from a monarchy- where a king ruled the nation- to a constitutional government. In 509 BCE, the last Roman King, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus was overthrown and sent into exile. The Roman Senate, which was comprised of Rome’s noble families, decided to institute a new type of government. The country would now be led by two elected consuls who had equal power and would serve one-year terms. These consuls were elected by legislative assemblies made up of male citizens of Rome. These assemblies also voted on laws developed by the Roman Senate. The Roman Senate was comprised of Patricians, which were members of Rome’s noble class. The Senators were appointed by the Roman consuls, and they served as senators for life. The Senate’s job was to draft new laws that would be voted on by the Assembly. Over the next few centuries, the government of Rome would develop a set of guidelines and principles to govern the expanding country, which would coalesce into the Roman Constitution. The Constitution would remain one of the foundational governing documents of the Roman Empire up until its collapse in the 5th century CE. The countries in blue, orange, yellow, and green are all classified as republics. Types of Republics Today Remember that a republic is a nation where governmental power rests with its citizens, uses a representational government, and has an elected head of state. These are pretty general criteria, so that means there are quite a few republics today. In fact, as of 2017, 159 of the world’s 206 countries use the word â€Å"republic† as part of their official names! Additionally, the loose definition of a republic means there many different types of republics functioning today. We’ll briefly discuss the major types of republics here, but you can find more in-depth information about each one by following the links in each description. Constitutional Republic In a constitutional republic, the government is limited by laws established by a formal constitution, which is generally secular in nature. Additionally, the government is run by elected officials who are voted on by the population, and those officials are required to follow the rules of government laid out by that country’s constitution. (For more information about republics based on religion, see the section on â€Å"theological republics.†) Examples of modern constitutional republics include the countries like India and South Africa. Parliamentary Republic A parliamentary republic uses a parliamentary form of government in which the head of state runs the executive branch of government and the head of parliament runs the legislature. The legislature itself is comprised of elected officials that are voted into office by the country’s citizens. Examples of parliamentary republics include Greece, Hungary, and Malta. Presidential Republic A presidential republic allows its citizens to elect a president to serve as the country’s head of state. However, in a presidential republic, the president also serves as the head of the government, too! This is different from a monarchy, where the king or queen serves as the head of state while a prime minister or president runs the day-to-day operations of the government. Examples of presidential republics today include Brazil, Mexico, and Indonesia. Federal Republic Federal republics are countries that are actually a union of states, all of which operate on a republican form of government. In order to qualify as a federal republic, states have to have independence to make their own laws and decisions, as long as those laws don’t conflict with policies established for the entire country on the federal level. (In this way, states function as a mini-republic, complete with elected officials and an elected head of state, like a governor!) Examples of federal republics include the United States, Germany, and Switzerland. Theocratic Republic These types of republics are governed primarily by religious law. In this case, religious texts become the backbone of the nation’s governing structure and are often drafted into a religious governing constitution. That means that additional laws and policies developed by the government must also be in line with religious law. Additionally, in order to qualify as a republic, these theocracies must have an elected head of state rather than a monarchy. Examples of modern theocratic republics include Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Can a Country Be More Than One Type of Republic? Just like a country can be more than one type of democracy, a country can also be more than one type of republic! For example, Iran has a parliament- making it a parliamentary republic- but it also bases its governing structure on religious law, making it a theocratic republic. The same is true for a country like Germany, which operates on the principles of both a parliamentary republic and a federal republic. In other words, much like democracies, the types of republics we discussed above are not mutually exclusive. In fact, in order for a government to run efficiently, it must often combine governing structures. Russia is a republic but is notdemocratic Republic Vs. Democracy: What’s the Difference? You’ve probably already noticed that republics and democracies have a lot in common, namely that they both are systems where the power to govern rests with the people. So what’s the difference in a republic vs. a democracy? The major difference between a democracy and a republic is that a republic is a form of government whereas a democracy is an ideology that helps shape how a government is run. Put another way: a republic is the system of government that allows a country to be democratic! So while people tend to use the terms â€Å"democracy† and â€Å"republic† interchangeably, they aren’t exactly the same thing. The best way to understand this difference is to look at examples where a republic style of government isn’t democratic. To do this, let’s talk about two non-democratic republics: Russia and North Korea. Russia The Russian government, like many other nations, is set up like a republic. According to the Russian Constitution, the Russian president- which is elected by the Russian populace- is the head of state and runs the executive branch of government. It’s the president’s job to appoint a prime minister, whose job it is to run the government on a day-to-day basis. But in reality, Russia has operated more like a dictatorship than a democracy under current President Vladimir Putin. Although the president and other government officials are elected by popular vote, the Russian government also limits Russian citizens’ freedom, including suppressing free speech and controlling access to objective information. North Korea North Korea’s government is set up much like the United States’ and is split into three branches: the executive branch, the judicial branch, and the legislative branch. By law, the citizens in North Korea elect officials to the legislative branch through popular vote, and the legislative branch passes laws on behalf of the people. (That’s why North Korea’s full name is the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.) In actuality, North Korea is classified as a dictatorship. The current president, Kim Jong-Un, inherited his position from his father. Additionally, elections in North Korea are largely for show- only one candidate runs for each position, so people really have no choice in their representation. Beyond that, the government severely limits people’s ability to travel, so much so that many North Koreans have to pay people to smuggle them out of the country. So despite having a republican government structure- and having the term â€Å"democratic† in their country’s name- North Korea doesn’t function like a democracy on a day-to-day basis. The United States: A Democratic Republic So that leaves us with one final question: what type of government is the United States? Where does the U.S. fall in the republic vs. democracy debate? The answer is that the United States is both a democracy and a republic! The U.S. as a Republic When the founding fathers were writing the U.S. Constitution, they envisioned the United States as a republic. Alexander Hamilton and James Madison made this clear in The Federalist Papers, where they make it clear that the federal government will be made up of elected officials who represent the will of the people. In fact, many of the United States’ founders believed that a direct democracy would result in nothing more than â€Å"...instability, injustice, and confusion.† As a result, the U.S. Constitution outlines a system of government that allows people to fairly vote on representatives, and those representatives make laws in accordance to the people’s will. Each of the states’ governments are set up in the same way, which means that the states are mini-republics, too! Additionally, in order to be a republic, people must elect the person who will serve as the head of state. This is certainly true in the U.S., where citizens vote on who will serve as president of the country every four years (though whether this is a direct or indirect vote is a subject of debate thanks to the electoral college). Considering all of this, the United States works as a combination of a constitutional, presidential, and federal republic! The U.S as a Democracy Remember that the difference between a republic and a democracy comes in how each of those ideas functions in government. So if the United States is a republic because of how the government operates, it’s a democracy because of why it operates. In other words, the U.S. runs its government like a republic, but it bases its government on democratic ideals. In order to operate as a democracy, the United States has to have free and fair elections, citizen participation in government, protect citizens’ human rights, and honor the rule of law. The United States meets all four the criteria to qualify as a democracy. In terms of elections, the U.S. holds regular elections for its elected officials at regular intervals, and any qualified U.S. citizen is allowed to cast their vote for their representatives. Additionally, these representatives are other U.S. citizens. Roles in government aren’t passed down from family to family- all citizens in good standing are welcome to run for office regardless of class, gender, or culture. But what about guaranteeing human rights? One look at the Bill of Rights makes this clear. Not only do the amendments to the U.S. Constitution make guarantees about equality and freedom, they also serve as a set of protections for all U.S. citizens from the overreach of government power. And finally, the U.S Constitution serves as the country’s guiding legal document. All other laws must first uphold the laws and rights outlined in the Constitution first! So Now What? Are you reading this post in preparation for the U.S. History AP Exam? If so, you should also check out some of our other resources! We have subject-specific posts like our NATO overview (coming soon!) and a complete guide to AP U.S. History books. If you’re a freshman, sophomore, or junior, you might consider adding a few more AP classes to your schedule. Here’s a complete list of AP courses and tests to help you choose classes that are perfect for you. Are you also considering taking the SAT subject tests in addition to- or instead of!- an AP exam? Make sure you get the inside information on both before you make your decision.

Article response paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Response paper - Article Example The article also points out why LA can be regarded as a crucial phenomenon to be used while teaching some issues related to language. The article also focuses on the theoretical perspectives, which guide literacy autobiography, and how useful they can be termed to be with regard to literary autobiography. The article outlines that L1 and W1 should be included in the L2 classroom (Steinman, 2007). Personal observation After reading the article, I gained outstanding knowledge regarding literary autobiography. The article is helpful in a number of ways, and the immense information contained in the article forms the basis for a deep understanding of what languages entail. From the article, I have managed to learn that there are various theoretical frameworks that support LA. I have learnt that certain writing conventions can be regarded as significantly crucial. These writing conventions include affective, textual, cognitive, contextual, as well as political. Language also plays a crucia l role in the development of thought. LA is vital to learning for teachers, as well as multilingual students. The L1 writing skills held by writers can be regarded as crucial since writers tend to bring such skills when they take part in L2 writing. The article outlines the crucial role played by information regarding early literacy. As stated in the article, information about early literacy determines the factors that have an impact on the academic writing skills of students (Steinman, 2007). The article outlines that the classroom can be regarded as a place where trans-cultural dialogue takes place. This means that students from diverse cultural backgrounds interact and the cultural beliefs of each student have to be respected. It is worth noting that the article points out the little advocacy with regard to the inclusion of L1 in institutions of higher learning such as universities and colleges. The article also points out levels of change, which tend to be three. These levels in clude change of practice, material and beliefs. Numerous approaches prove to be helpful in the literature and research of Literacy autobiography. Some of the central approaches encompass socio-cultural theory, communities if practice, multiliteracies, as well as contrastive rhetoric. LA is instrumental in examining how writing practices, as well as writing, differ between cultures. Based on multiliteracy, meaning should be derived from all forms of language used in teaching. The article explores various ways in which students from various backgrounds tend to be welcomed in a community of practice, which consists of various languages and students from diverse backgrounds. Writing is crucial to the developing of collaborative learning, as well as value and thought (Steinman, 2007). Excerpts â€Å"I have since been taking part in studying, talking, and thinking about contrastive rhetoric, which refers to the study of writing values and writing conventions, as well as how these tend to vary in different cultures† (Steinman 2007, p.564). â€Å" I discovered the implications and significance of writing conventions such as political, affective, cognitive, contextual, and textual. Consequently, I started rethinking what I expected second language students in my class to bring out appropriately and what they could not articulate with a lot of ease† (Steinman 2007, p.564). The reason for choosing the above excerpts is because they fundamentally address the

Who is the audience for Metropolitan Opera Assignment

Who is the audience for Metropolitan Opera - Assignment Example The research by Zamoyta (2011) confirms this as she describes the audience ‘young-cultural-omnivores class’ which makes up about 73%. The ticket sales for opera seats range from $460 to $25 with the higher end for premium seats and the lower end for standing rooms (metopera tickets 2013-14). This explains why the target audience is made of well educated, middle and high class couples with high household incomes. For example in Nothern Ireland this audience earns an estimated income of $38,000 – $80,000 (AudiencesNI, 2007). Education is also a key factor as people with higher education are likely to attend, with the degree level being the least (AudiencesNI, 2007). However, following the current drop in attendance over the last 7 years, the marketing target is shifting to the younger people, with more funding being put into the art to promote the $25 tickets which are affordable (Orden, 2010). The largest audience for Met Opera has been in New York mostly for the live shows, but with the recent developments such as Live HD transmissions, the opera is gaining a larger audience across the continents especially from Europe. The opera also simulcasts to 1700 theaters in 54 countries across the globe (Wise, 2013). These people love art and they find the experience at the opera as a place for relaxation and enjoyment away from common social events such as concerts and sports. The Met Opera fits their lifestyle by giving them an opportunity to enjoy art through the staging of the plays, the lifelike experience produced in the sets, and the music with perfect acoustics. Orden, E. (2010, August 25). Opera Lover Targets Young Patrons With $25 Seats. Retrieved February 23, 2015, from The Wall Street Journal: http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703447004575449731766172828 Wise, B. (2013, September 22). Report: Opera Attendance Drops, Digital Engagement Rises . Retrieved February 23, 2015, from WQXR:

Psychological Assessment of Richard Ramirez

Psychological Assessment of Richard Ramirez Purpose of Assessment Richard Ramirez, also known as the Night Stalker is currently sentenced to capital punishment for multiple counts of murder, attempted murder, sexual assaults, and burglaries. For a final request before his death, Mr. Ramirez has requested a psychological assessment be conducted as to evaluate his mental health when committing his crimes. In order to conduct the assessment, I will be reviewing Mr. Ramirezs criminal history and prior events leading up to his crimes analyzing any patterns relevant to the assessment. In concluding the review of Mr. Ramirezs history, I will conduct a psychological assessment and determine in my professional view any mental illness Mr. Ramirez has and state the symptoms he may have using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DMS-V; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Description of the Crime Between the years of 1984 and 1985, Mr. Ramirez committed several acts of sexual assault, murder, attempted murder, and burglaries until his arrest on August 29, 1985 (Crime Investigation, 2014). Mr. Ramirezs first victim, Jennie Vincow, was burglarized and sexually assaulted during a burglary in her home (Crime Investigation, 2014). Nine months after the death of Jennie Vincow, Mr. Ramirez attacked Angela Barrios and killed her roommate, Dayle Okazaki (Crime Investigation, 2014). However, unsatisfied with the results from his assault that evening, Mr. Ramirez stabbed Tsai Lian Yu in the same night (Crime Investigation, 2014). Throughout the next five months, Mr. Ramirez repeated the same assault with his victims, in which, his attacks escalated rapidly that had murdered, injured, and sexually assaulted 22 other people until his arrest (Crime Investigation, 2014). Prior to his criminal convictions, Mr. Ramirez had a criminal record from his youth that had began with petty crimes such as robberies in 1977 placing him in juvenile detention (Crime Investigation, 2014). Years later, Mr. Ramirez engaged in criminal acts such as burglary and car theft in 1983 which led to a sentence in jail where he was released in April 1984. Psychological History Mr. Ramirezs social history has exhibited persistent patterns of exposure of criminal behaviour and violence. At and early age, Mr. Ramirez was exposed to an abusive nature as his father was abusive (Famous People, 2016). During his childhood, Mr. Ramirez was influenced by his older cousin, named Mike, which had told and shown pictures of violent acts that he acquired while serving in the Vietnamese War, introduced Mr. Ramirez to drugs, and had killed his wife in the presence of Mr. Ramirez (Crime Investigation, 2014). As an adolescent, Mr. Ramirez moved to San Francisco, then Los Angeles. While residing in San Francisco and Los Angeles, he had continued petty theft crimes to fuel his drug addiction as he then used cocaine and LSDs, which led Mr. Ramirez in an interest of Satanism (Famous People, 2016). With being exposed to violence and crime, Mr. Ramirez dropped out of high school and ventured into criminal acts (Famous People, 2016) Current Psychological Functioning In this section of the assessment, I will conduct an analysis of Mr. Ramirezs criminal history and the relationship between any potential mental disorders that may lead to any recidivism. This section will discuss two subtopics. First, I will provide a quick assessment of Mr. Ramirez in relations to Conduct Disorder and the symptoms outlined by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-V; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Second, I will then assess Mr. Ramirez for psychopathy using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; Hare, 2016). Conduct Disorder According to the Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), Conduct Disorder refers to a repetitive and persistent pattern of behaviour in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated (p. 469). In order to be diagnosed with Conduct Disorder at least three of the following 15 criteria must be shown within 12 months, with at least one characteristic present within 6 months (American Psychiatric Association, 2013): Bullies, threatens or intimidates others Often initiates physical fights Has used a weapon that can seriously cause physical harm to others Has been physically cruel to people Has been physically cruel to animals Has stolen while confronting victim Has forced someone into sexual activity Deliberately engaged in fire setting with intention of causing serious damage Destroyed others property (other than fire setting) Broken into someone elses house, building, or car Often lies to obtain goods, favours, or to avoid obligations Stolen items of nontrivial value without confronting the victim Staying out at night despite parental prohibitions Runs away from home overnight at least twice while living with a guardian or once without returning for a lengthy period of time Is often missing from school Based on the details of Mr. Ramirezs report and the diagnosis of Conduct Disorder that Mr. Ramirez does acquire the symptoms of the mental illness. Mr. Ramirez exhibits ten out of the possible symptoms listed above. During childhood and adolescent years, Mr. Ramirez would have often dealt with using drugs with his older cousin, Mike, and missed/dropped out of school to pursue a life of crime. With all of his victims, Mr. Ramirez has displayed violent intentions by intimidating, torturing, and sexually assaulting his victims before physically harming or killing them with either a knife or a gun. In assaulting and murdering his victims, Mr. Ramirez would initially engage in burglarizing his victims houses and cars. The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) The definition of psychopathy can be defined as persuasive emotional and interpersonal deficits, impulsivity and antisocially (Hosker-Field, Molnar, Book, 2016). To measure psychopathy on an individual, the use of a psychological instrument called a Psychopathy Checklist-Revised is used as it assesses the characteristics of psychopathy by reviewing any reports, interviews, or various sources of the individual to determine their level of psychopathy (Storey, Hart, Cooke, Michie, 2016). During the assessment of the PCL-R, it is comprised of two factors. The first factor or Factor 1, is comprised of the interpersonal and affective characteristics of psychopathy (Hare Neumann, 2010). The second factor or Factor 2 reflects more of the antisocial characteristics of the individual (Hare Neumann, 2010). The total of characteristics being applied are 12 with six characteristics in both factors. On a point system of 0 to 2, a score of 18 and over out of 24 will determine that the individua l is have psychopathy. A score that is 12 or under will determine that the individual is a non-psychopath. As a result of the PCL-R assessment, Mr. Ramirez had scored a 9 out of a possible 12 in Factor 1, and scored a 9 out of a possible 12 in Factor 2. In conclusion, Mr. Ramirez, in my professional opinion meets the criteria of being a psychopath in the assessment of the PCL-R. Relevant Psychological Function Based on Mr. Ramirezs criminal history and the early exposure of violent and criminal life events, the most relevant theory for understanding his criminal behaviour is the trauma-control model. Trauma-control model argues that with the combination of predispositional factors, such as biological, sociological, and psychological factors, and early traumatic events interact with other factors over the individuals life may determine their criminal psychopathy (Correction Service Canada, 2007). At a young age, Mr. Ramirez witnessed his cousin, Mike, killed his wife, which may have increased his development of psychopathy and with being surrounded with criminal and violent influences it could have increasingly developed his psychopathy even more when Mr. Ramirez started to use drugs such as cocaine and LSD (Famous People, 2016). Relating trauma-control model to Mr. Ramirezs history, by residing in an environment that had engaged with criminal, violent, and drug abuse activities it increase d the development of psychopathy. References Hare, R. D., Neumann, C. S. (2010). The role of antisociality in the psychopathy construct: Comment on Skeem and Cooke (2010). Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 446-454. doi:10.1037/a0013635 Hosker-Field, A. M., Molnar, D. S., Book, A. S. (2016). Psychopathy and risk taking: Examining the role of risk perception. Personality and Individual Differences, 91, 123-132. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.059 Storey, J. E., Hart, S. D., Cooke, D. J., Michie, C. (2016). Psychometric properties of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) in a representative sample of Canadian federal offenders. Law and Human Behavior, 40(2), 136-146. doi:10.1037/lhb0000174 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. (2013). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. Richard Ramirez Biography. (2016). Retrieved November 15, 2016, from http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/richard-ramirez-6730.php Richard Ramirez: The Night Stalker. (2014). Retrieved November 13, 2016, from http://www.crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/crime-files/richard-ramirez-the-night-stalker The Role of Escalating Paraphilic Fantasies and Behaviours in Sexual, Sadistic, and Serial Violence: A Review of Theoretical Models. (2007). Retrieved November 13, 2016, from http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/research/shp2007-paraphil06-eng.shtmls. (2007). Retrieved November 13, 2016, from  http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/research/shp2007-paraphil06-eng.shtml Dhingra, K., Boduszek, D. (2013). Psychopathy and criminal behaviour: A psychosocial research perspective.  Journal of Criminal Psychology,  3(2), 83-107. doi:10.1108/jcp-06-2013-0014 Hare, R. D. (2016). Psychopathy, the PCL-R, and criminal justice: Some new findings and current issure.  Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadiene, 57  (1), 21-34. doi:10.1037/cap0000041 Hare, R. D., Mcpherson, L. M. (1984). Violent and aggressive behavior by criminal psychopaths.  International Journal of Law and Psychiatry,  7(1), 35-50. doi:10.1016/0160-2527(84)90005-0 Appendix A Psychopathy-Checklist Revised (Class Version) Factor 1 (Emotional/Interpersonal Symptoms) Item 1: Glib and Superficial0 1 2 Presentation is shallow and difficult to believe Display of emotions do not appear genuine Attempts to portray self in a positive light Tell unlikely stories; has convincing explanations for behaviour Uses technical language and jargon, often inappropriately Conversation and interpersonal behaviour are engaging Item 2: Egocentric and Grandiose0 1 2 View of abilities and self worth are inflated Self-assured and opinionated Exaggerates status and reputation Considers circumstances to be result of bad luck Sees self as the victim of the system Displays little concern for the future Item 3: Lack of Remorse/Guilt..0 1 2 Appears to have no capacity for guilt/no conscience Verbalizes remorse in an insincere manner Displays little emotion to actions Does not appreciate impact on others Concerned more with own suffering than with that of others Item 4: Lack of Empathy0 1 2 Cold and callous Indifferent to the feelings of others Unable to appreciate the emotional consequences of others Item 5: Deceitful and Manipulative0 1 2 Manipulates without concern for the rights of others Distorts the truth Deceives with self-assurance and with no apparent anxiety A fraud artist or con man Enjoys deceiving others Item 6: Shallow Emotions..0 1 2 Expressed emotions are shallow and labile Verbal and non-verbal expressions of emotion are inconsistent Factor 2 (Social Deviance Symptoms) Item 7: Impulsive.0 1 2 Does things on the spur of the moment (including crimes); spends little time considering the consequences of actions Frequently changes jobs, schools, or relationships A drifter; lives a nomadic lifestyle with frequent changes of residence Item 8: Poor Behavioural Controls0 1 2 Easily angered or frustrated, especially when drinking Often verbally abusive (swears, makes threats) Often physically abusive (breaks or throws objects; pushes, slaps, or punches people) Abuse may be sudden and unprovoked Outbursts are often short-lived Item 9: Need for Excitement.0 1 2 Easily bored; has difficulty doing things that require sustained attention Likes to do things that are exciting, risky, and dangerous Item 10: Lack of Responsibility.0 1 2 Behaviour frequently causes hardship to others or puts them at risk Unreliable as a spouse or parent; lacks commitment to relationships, fails to care adequate for children; etc. Job performance is inadequate; is frequently late, absent, etc., Untrustworthy with money; has been in trouble for defaulting on loans, not paying bills, not paying child support Item 11: Early Behaviour Problems.0 1 2 Conduct problems at home and at school as an adolescent In trouble with the law as a youth/minor Antisocial activities were varied and frequent Item 12: Adult Anti-social Behaviour0 1 2 Disregards rules and regulations; has had legal problems as an adult Has been charged with or convicted of criminal offences Antisocial activities are varied and frequent

Police in a Democratic Society Essay

Police operation in a democratic society is characterized by several features, such as the allowance of the exercise of discretion while in the performance of official duties (Fairchild). Indeed, the use of discretion is a common feature in the exercise of powers by different practitioners in the field of criminal justice (Fairchild). The role of discretion in the criminal justice system is more critical than in any other discipline because it is here that the power of the state is aligned against the individual (Fairchild). For example, individuals face the possibility of loss of life, liberty and property as a consequence of conviction or mere accusation of the commission of a crime (Fairchild). Among the practitioners who are given discretion in the criminal justice system are correctional staff, police officers, and court-related personnel (Jones & Kerbs, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In particular, police discretion as a concept and a policy has developed largely because of the realization that the administration of justice is far from perfect (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). The imperfection lies in the failure of the criminal justice system to meet four necessary elements in the dispensation of perfect justice (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). These elements concern the absolute ability to apprehend law violators, identify law violators, identify the intent of law violators, and punish law violators (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). The dispensation of justice depends primarily on the actions of those individuals to whom it was entrusted, such as police officers, prosecutors and judges (Jones & Kerbs, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discretion in the criminal justice system is not being employed by police officers alone. Other officers, such as court-related personnel, probation and parole officers, and correctional staff are also allowed to exercise discretion in the performance of their duties (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). The exercise of discretion by officers from different departments and jurisdictions of the law enforcement community all interrelate to the effective administration of justice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among court-related personnel, prosecutors and judges are the ones who use discretion the most (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). For example, prosecutorial discretion is exercised during plea negotiations or plea-bargaining (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). Prosecutors also exercise discretion in choosing the cases that should be presented before a grand jury (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). On the other hand, judges exercise discretion in handing down their decisions and rulings (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). Meanwhile, correctional personnel exercise discretion in coordinating programs in the supervision of offenders. In particular, discretion is exercised in the treatment of certain infractions and the decision to write disciplinary reports (Jones & Kerbs, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Police discretion, while it is very helpful in maintaining balance in the enforcement of laws, should be controlled in order to remove issues such as racism and discrimination that have been controversial in the past decades (Pepinsky, 1984). One example of a problem involving the exercise of police discretion is the perceived difference in police treatment of women vis-à  -vis men, and whites vis-à  -vis blacks (The New York Times Company, 2004). According to a Boston Globe study of police records, it is posited that women and whites are more likely to receive earnings rather than tickets, compared to their men and black counterparts, when they get stopped for identical traffic offenses (The New York Times Company, 2004). However, some police officers justify their decision to simply issue warnings on their belief that they are effective teaching tools to the public, compared to the issuance of tickets (The New York Times Company, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discrepancies in the treatment of offenders, such as the one reported above, and consequently the negative perception on the abuse of discretion by police officers, can be accomplished by having clear rules that would identify good from bad discretion (Pepinsky, 1984). References Fairchild, E. S. Enforcement of Police and Law Enforcement Policy. Organiational   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Structure and Control of Discretion in Police Operations, 442-449. Jones, M. & Kerbs, J. J. (2007). Probation and Parole Officers and Discretionary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Decision-Making: Responses to Technical and Criminal Violations. [Electronic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   version]. Federal Probation 71(1), 9-16. Pepinsky, H. E. (1984). Better Living through Police Discretion. Law and Contemporary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Problems 47(4), 249-267. The New York Times Company. (2004). Retrieved November 11, 2007, from     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.boston.com/globe/metro/packages/tickets/072103.shtml

Purchasing Review Essay on Films Samples

Purchasing Review Essay on Films Samples If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Review Essay on Films Samples Offer your review a minumum of one editorial pass, before you believe it to be editorially sound. Each review is unique, that is precisely why it is tough to find two similar papers that concern precisely the same film, as every individual becomes impressed differently. In any instance, you can be positive this is a review, not feedback. The introduction for a movie review needs to be appealing, so the reader can find the feel of wanting to read more. Over the internet it is possible to discover unique examples in newspapers and movie review resources that provide the audience an overall caliber of the film. Dialogue snippets can and ought to be quoted to provide the review snappiness. Movie review writing is an enjoyable experience, especially whenever you have good examples at hand. A movie review structure can additionally have a recommendation. You are able to observe a movie review example for understanding how it's written. Therefore, if you were assigned to compose a movie review for the very first time, relax. Your thoughts will be distracted and you're able to get rid of focus. Ms. Gruwell in the movie managed to discover strategies to counter the rising educational issue. The story is all about choice and the simple fact that everybody has to make it. The entire story is all about Cobb who's actually a corporate raider whose job is to steal ideas from an individu minds as people dream. If you would like to make movies that force people to think about the consequences of racism or sexism, then sound off! Your review should leave the perfect impression, or so the reader will understand whether the movie is well worth watching. A vital movie revi ew example is a superb selection of how you're able to access the shortcomings portrayed by the movie and back your claims with factual evidence. It's possible to also hunt for good movie review examples online by which you can acquire a simple idea although the movie reviewed isn't similar. The sound of the film is original also. The plot of the movie is pretty original, complex and coherent at the very same moment. Or on account of the sci-fi genre based on the rules of which the movie has been made. No surprise that all of his other movies are extremely positive. There are only a few movies that hold one's breathe and do not permit it until the last sound. You need to be very attentive to every detail of the film even the ones which seem to don't have any meaning whatsoever. What's more, you'll have a superb chance to discover a new genre or an amazing director whose works are rather worthy. Students are made to compose critical essays on an assortment of topics. You might also have a look at scholarship essay examples. You may be interested in high school essay examples. In the event you were requested to compose a crucial essay about The Canterbury Tales, ensure that you are conversant with the material. The very first of which can act as an introduction before the last close in the event the author wishes to go over a couple of things before finishing off. Your professor is searching for cohesion in your paper, so if ideas in your essay aren't connected, it can produce the paper seem choppy. To do it the ideal way, bear in mind that the professor who will read your essay is just one of those folks too. Critical essay is a sort of academic writing. It can also open novel ways on how to approach the topic which can lead to further appreciation of it. An essential essay is intended to be informative, meaning all claims ought to be backed up by a credible evidence instead of simply stated because it strikes the author's fancy. Writing a critical essay gives us the opportunity to take a look at things from a different viewpoint. You could also see essay outline. You must further be certain any quotation must be suitably referenced to be able to prevent plagiarism.

The Effects Of Lack Of Sleep Deprivation On Children

School should start later in the morning. Do teens know how many problems can come with the lack of sleep? with sleep deprivation comes many long term effects on people s mental and physical health.lacking sleep is a cause of depression, obesity ,and makes it hard to function in school. School shouldn’t start as early as it does.because, it s unhealthy and lowers academic scores. Lack of sleep puts teens at risk for mental and physical issues.Less amounts of sleep put teens at a higher risk for depression,obesity,and motor- vehicle accidents. Overall, short sleepers were 14% more likely to report symptoms of psychological distress on a standard test, effect was especially pronounced among young people who already suffered from anxiety; in this group, lack of sleep triggered more serious mental health problems like full-blown depression.Also lack of sleep can affect teens weight they can even become obese. 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